Starting at block 840,000 I ran some performance numbers on confirmation. Most of the confirmation cost, like 99.5% is determining confirmability. Updating state is trivial in comparison. On a cold store confirmation queries were averaging about 1-2 seconds per block. This gave me an opportunity to run the performance tools on intense querying for the first time. I was able to identify several areas where denormalization would produce material benefits. After a couple days of tuning store primitives, such as the iterator and the hashmap and the head , as well as simple modifications to several queries, the confirmation rate has increased to 5 per second, or roughly 5-10x faster than previously.