Worse yet, macOS may terminate the process due to low memory under the above conditions (of 3.5% memory utilization).
macOS's mmap kernel implementation fails with ENOMEM (out of memory) or EOVERFLOW for files > ~1-2 GB, even if RAM + swap is sufficient and the file is preallocated/non-sparse. This is a kernel VM limit, not a disk issue—it's been reported since macOS 10.5 (Leopard) and persists in Sonoma/Ventura (as of 2024 reports).